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Haigh, pp. 203–234, quoted in Freeman, Thomas S. (2017). "Restoration and Reaction: Reinterpreting the Marian Church." Journal of Ecclesiastical History In press. online. Edwards, John. (2011). Mary I: England's Catholic Queen. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-11810-4. Mario Savorgnano, 25 August 1531, in Calendar of State Papers, Venetian, vol. IV, p. 682, quoted in Loades, p. 63. Mary was born on 18 February 1516 at the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich, England. She was the only child of King Henry VIII and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, to survive infancy. Her mother had suffered many miscarriages and stillbirths. [3] Before Mary's birth, four previous pregnancies had resulted in a stillborn daughter and three short-lived or stillborn sons, including Henry, Duke of Cornwall. [4]
Both Mary and Philip were descended from John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster, a relationship that was used to portray Philip as an English king. [177] Family of Mary I of England For most of Edward's reign, Mary remained on her own estates and rarely attended court. [67] A plan between May and July 1550 to smuggle her out of England to the safety of the European mainland came to nothing. [68] Religious differences between Mary and Edward continued. Mary attended a reunion with Edward and Elizabeth for Christmas 1550, where the 13-year-old Edward embarrassed Mary, then 34, and reduced both her and himself to tears in front of the court, by publicly reproving her for ignoring his laws regarding worship. [69] Mary repeatedly refused Edward's demands that she abandon Catholicism, and Edward persistently refused to drop his demands. [70] Accession [ edit ] Edward VI declared his first cousin once removed, Lady Jane Grey, his heir. Lady Jane was married to Lord Guildford Dudley, a son of the English politician John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland.Chapter Five: Table of regnal year of English Sovereigns". Sweet & Maxwell's Guide to Law Reports and Statutes (4thed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell's Guide. 1962. Catholic historians, such as John Lingard, thought Mary's policies failed not because they were wrong but because she had too short a reign to establish them and because of natural disasters beyond her control. [168] In other countries, the Catholic Counter-Reformation was spearheaded by Jesuit missionaries, but Mary's chief religious advisor, Cardinal Reginald Pole, refused to allow the Jesuits into England. [169] Her marriage to Philip was unpopular among her subjects and her religious policies resulted in deep-seated resentment. [170] The military loss of Calais to France was a bitter humiliation to English pride. Failed harvests increased public discontent. [171] Philip spent most of his time abroad, while his wife remained in England, leaving her depressed at his absence and undermined by their inability to have children. After Mary's death, Philip sought to marry Elizabeth but she refused him. [172] Although Mary's rule was ultimately ineffectual and unpopular, the policies of fiscal reform, naval expansion, and colonial exploration that were later lauded as Elizabethan accomplishments were started in Mary's reign. [173] Titles, style, and arms [ edit ] Arms of Mary I, impaled with those of her husband, Philip II of Spain Besides Queen Mary I of England, there are two other main women who some say inspired the Bloody Mary story. The first is Mary Worth, a mysterious witch, and the second is Elizabeth Bathory, a Hungarian noblewoman who allegedly killed hundreds of girls and young women. Mary was courted by Philip, Duke of Bavaria, from late 1539, but he was Lutheran and his suit for her hand was unsuccessful. [54] Over 1539, the king's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, negotiated a potential alliance with the Duchy of Cleves. Suggestions that Mary marry William I, Duke of Cleves, who was the same age, came to nothing, but a match between Henry and the Duke's sister Anne was agreed. [55] When the king saw Anne for the first time in late December 1539, a week before the scheduled wedding, he found her unattractive but was unable, for diplomatic reasons and without a suitable pretext, to cancel the marriage. [56] Cromwell fell from favour and was arrested for treason in June 1540; one of the unlikely charges against him was that he had plotted to marry Mary himself. [57] Anne consented to the annulment of the marriage, which had not been consummated, and Cromwell was beheaded. [58] In any case, the true identity of Bloody Mary is murky. The myth could be based on Queen Mary I, the real “Bloody Mary,” or other contenders like Mary Worth or Elizabeth Bathory. But no matter who Bloody Mary might be based on, she belongs to one of the most enduring urban legends of all time.
The ubiquitous brunch or hair of the dog concoction has spawned countless riffs, many of which have been indoctrinated as more or less official variants. Some feature slight divergences from the bloody mary, others seemingly took the idea and ran with the wind. Haigh, Christopher (1992). English Reformations: religion, politics and society under the Tudors. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-198-22163-0. OCLC 26720329. OL 1718720M. Born on February 18, 1516, in the Greenwich Palace in London, England, to Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, Mary seemed an unlikely candidate to be queen, let alone a “bloody” one. Her father deeply desired a male heir and spent Mary’s childhood doing whatever it took to get one. Tittler, Robert (1991). The Reign of Mary I (2nded.). London & New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-06107-5. LCCN 90043171. OL 1882426M. Porter, Linda (2007). Mary Tudor: The First Queen. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-7499-0982-6. OCLC 230990057. OL 26863607M.
The Person Behind The Real Bloody Mary Story
Mary was a precocious child. [12] In July 1520, when scarcely four and a half years old, she entertained a visiting French delegation with a performance on the virginals (a type of harpsichord). [13] A great part of her early education came from her mother, who consulted the Spanish humanist Juan Luis Vives for advice and commissioned him to write De Institutione Feminae Christianae, a treatise on the education of girls. [14] By the age of nine, Mary could read and write Latin. [15] She studied French, Spanish, music, dance, and perhaps Greek. [16] Henry VIII doted on his daughter and boasted to the Venetian ambassador Sebastian Giustiniani that Mary never cried. [17] Mary had a fair complexion with pale blue eyes and red or reddish-golden hair, traits very similar to those of her parents. She was ruddy-cheeked, a trait she inherited from her father. [18] Bloody mary oyster shooters: Add an oyster to a shot glass plus traditional bloody mary ingredients To elevate his son to Mary's rank, Emperor Charles V ceded to Philip the crown of Naples as well as his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Mary thus became Queen of Naples and titular Queen of Jerusalem upon marriage. [98] Their wedding at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. [99] Philip could not speak English, and so they spoke a mixture of Spanish, French, and Latin. [100] False pregnancy [ edit ] Mary and her husband, Philip Mary was the only surviving child of Henry VIII by his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. She was declared illegitimate and barred from the line of succession following the annulment of her parents' marriage in 1533, though she would later be restored via the Third Succession Act 1543. Her younger half-brother, Edward VI, succeeded their father in 1547 at the age of nine. When Edward became terminally ill in 1553, he attempted to remove Mary from the line of succession because he supposed, correctly, that she would reverse the Protestant reforms that had taken place during his reign. Upon his death, leading politicians proclaimed Mary and Edward's Protestant cousin, Lady Jane Grey, as queen instead. Mary speedily assembled a force in East Anglia and deposed Jane, who was eventually beheaded. Mary was—excluding the disputed reigns of Jane and the Empress Matilda—the first queen regnant of England. In July 1554, Mary married Prince Philip of Spain, becoming queen consort of Habsburg Spain on his accession in 1556. Alongside burning Protestants, Mary had another priority — getting pregnant. Thirty-seven years old when she took power, Mary was determined to produce an heir during her reign. But things took a strange twist.
Indeed, Mary’s early years were largely defined by Henry’s determination to have a son. When she was a teenager, the king scandalized Europe by declaring his marriage to Mary’s mother illegal and incestuous — because she had been briefly married to his brother — and his intention to marry Anne Boleyn. He divorced Catherine, married Anne, and tore England away from the Catholic Church, establishing the Church of England instead. What’s more, one witness claimed during Bathory’s trial that they’d seen a diary in which Bathory recorded her victims. There were not 80 names on the list — but 650. For that reason, Bathory seems like a fair candidate to be Bloody Mary. All that said, her defenders argue that the charges against her were fabricated because the king owed her late husband debts. The same idea, though, also highlights one of the drink’s most intriguing components, or, truly, what is a category of drinks — that different regions and even cultures can create their own variations, marked by local influences and ingredients. In Maryland, a bloody mary with Old Bay seasoning is never far from hand’s reach. Visit New Mexico and no doubt hatch chilies will be incorporated.
THE BLOODY SECRET
Wernham, R. B. (1966). Before the Armada: The Growth of English Foreign Policy, 1485–1588. London: Jonathan Cape.
The bloody mary has long since claimed brunch as its host, but that doesn’t mean that all bloody marys are created equal or, in another sense, that all bloody marys are even bloody marys. The bloody maria, a riff on the mary, can be made with either tequila or mezcal in place of vodka. From there, the sky’s the limit, but those spirits certainly lend themselves to different types of flavors and influences. A bloody mary, at its essence, is built of tomato juice and vodka. Add in some citrus or spices or garnishes, sure, but that’s the core of the drink. Yet, its variations may include just one of those two seemingly mandatory ingredients, or neither, and these drinks are often further embellished by all sorts of add-ons, twists and turns.Waller, Maureen (2006). Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-33801-5. OL 9516816M. Furthering the Tudor conquest of Ireland, English colonists were settled in the Irish Midlands under Mary and Philip's reign. Queen's and King's Counties (now Counties Laois and Offaly) were founded, and their plantation began. [134] Their principal towns were respectively named Maryborough (now Portlaoise) and Philipstown (now Daingean). Duffy, Eamon (2009). Fires of Faith: Catholic England Under Mary Tudor. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-15216-6. OCLC 276274639. OL 22685559M.
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